The Invention Of The Assembly Line - 1948 Words

Introduction: The degree of engineering production has substantially increased over the last one hundred years. There exists numerous reasons why the world has been able to progress so quickly in the last one hundred years than the few thousand years before. The main answer lies in the invention of the assembly line. Prior to the assembly line, production rate was dependent on the precision of specific parts for an item and a worker’s ability to assemble the specific parts together. The assembly line eliminated the idea of a worker who must be trained to build every part of a machine or item. Instead, the assembly line focused more on small independent jobs for lesser trained employees. With the assembly line, an employee would†¦show more content†¦Henry Ford introduced his Model T in 1908, which astounded the public due to its simplicity and reliability, according to History.com. While the Model T was inexpensive, Ford didn’t find his product to be as inexpensive as he wanted. Ford challenged himself to find a way to make his dream of supplying the whole nation with affordable cars a reality. Ford realized that he must change his methods of production in order to decrease the price of his automobiles. His invention of the assembly line actually started before the Model T came out, but Ford did not know it at the time. The Model N was built prior to the Model T. The workers on the Model N automobiles placed the parts in order along the floor while the â€Å"under-construction† auto was on skids and moved down the line. The workers placed their respective parts on the machine as it passed by. For the Model T, Ford tried to make his process even better. He broke the assembly process into 84 small steps. On top of this, workers were trained for only one of the 84 steps. By having a machine that could make interchangeable parts faster than any human, the process accelerated quickly and there was no shortage on supplies. With the c ombination of the new parts machine, line of workers trained per step, and an order of parts, the assembly line was born. Figure 1 below shows the wheels and hubcaps of Model T cars being assembled using the assembly line. The excessive amounts

Men Are from Mars, Women Are from Venus, quot;home...

Men Are from Mars, Women Are from Venus Home Burial poem is from Jupiter. I analyzed communications and the relationship factors from the poem, Home Burial, in light of the guide for improving communications and relationships Men Are from Mars, Women Are from Venus. In the poem Home Burial, characters do not understand one another because of a lack of communication. I found plenty of techniques and ideas that the couple in Frosts Home Burial, could have used from the book Men Are from Mars, Women Are from Venus to strengthen their marriage. Throughout the poem Home Burial the characters did not have a clear awareness of their differences because they did not know that men and women are like from different planets. John†¦show more content†¦/ Will rot the best birch fence a man can build (Lines 92-93). These two lines clearly represent mens position towards empathy. If the wife in the poem knew that, A mans sense of self is defined through his ability to achieve results (Gray 16), she would have understood her husbands behavior. In chapter three of Men Are from Mars, Women Are from Venus, John Gray indicates that Men become increasingly focused and withdrawn while women become increasingly overwhelmed and emotionally involved. At these times, a mans needs for feeling good are different from a womans. He feels better by solving problems while she feels better by talking about problem (Gray 29). This conjecture totally relates to characters in Home Burial; for example, the husband says, What is it you see, / I will find out now--you must tell me, dear, (Lines 10, 12) which states problem solving technique from a mans side. The wife answers, The wonder is I didnt see at once. / I never noticed it from here before. / I must be wonted to it--thats the reason (Lines 21-23) showing the wifes overwhelming and emotionally involving period in her relationship with her husband. Solving these problems for the characters in the poem would Depend on understanding the opposite sex (Gray 30). If the characters knew the differences in coping with stress they would do something about their relationship. The

Economics for Business Public Investment Routledge

Question: Why might an increase in governmental expenditure give raise the inflation? Answer: As per the statement of Arrow Kruz (2013), the governmental expenditure are reflected by the imposition of taxation and rise in the supply of money. In this connection, it can be stated that government expenditure includes the governmental consumption, investment. Governmental spending on the ultimate consumption reflects the Gross domestic product of a country (DeLong Summers, 2012). In the term of the macroeconomic fiscal policy, it can be stated that rise in the governmental expenditure is the expansionary fiscal policy. Figure 1: Effect of expansionary fiscal policy and inflation (Source: Created by author) The above figure depicted that in case of expansionary fiscal policy, the aggregate demand will also increase. In the above figure, it can be observed that X axis measures the quantity level and the Y axis measures the level of price. Initially the aggregate demand was AD1 and the post aggregate demand curve was AD2. This in turn increases the real GDP rate. The price level also increases. Therefore, it can be stated that the rise in price level within an economy has increased the inflation rate of the country. As per the Keynesian economy, it can be stated that the increase in the governmental expenditure increases the aggregate demand and the level of the consumption. This in turn increases the level of production of a country. Therefore, Coibion, Gorodnichenko Wieland (2012) mentioned that the country will mitigate the recession situation and with the rise in time, the inflation rate of the economy will be increased. Therefore, more specifically it can be stated that with the rise in the governmental spending of a country, the inflation rate will also increase (Coibion, Gorodnichenko Wieland, 2012). As a result, it can be stated that there is a positive relationship between the governmental expenditure and the rate of inflation of an economy. With the rise in the rate of inflation, the price level of the products or the consumer goods will be enhanced. In the words of Junttila Korhonen (2012), inflationary situation of a country leads to decrease the purchasing power per unit as well as the real valuation of the exchange rate will also reduce. On the other hand, it can be stated that in case of contractionary fiscal policy, the inflation rate of an economy will be reduced. Arrow Kruz (2013) added that decrease in governmental spending reduces the overall spending of the commodity and the price level of the commodities will also decrease. In this essence, it can be mentioned that in case of con tractionary fiscal policy, the economy may suffer from the deflationary situation (Coibion, Gorodnichenko Wieland, 2012). Inflation has both positive and negative impact for the growth of the economy. Inflation rate increases the opportunity cost of holding money. This will in turn reduce the rate of investment. Nevertheless, Coibion, Gorodnichenko Wieland (2012) argued that with the rapid increase in the rate of inflation of an economy, the situation of hyperinflation may arise. On the other hand, in this context, it can be mentioned that due to massive growth in the supply of money of an economy, the situation of hyperinflation may occur (Junttila Korhonen, 2012). Then the interest rate of the country will be higher, which has a negative impact on the economy. Moreover, inflationary situation of an economy can increase the wage rate of the employees. Moreover, DeLong Summers (2012) opined that rise in the rate of inflation can reflect the unemployment rate of the country. According to the concept of Phillips curve, it can be stated that ere is a trade off between the unemployment rate and the rate of inflation of the country. Therefore, in this essence, it can be stated that higher inflation rate can reduce the rate of unemployment of the economy. In this purpose, it can be stated that the job opportunity within the country will be increased. In the words of Junttila Korhonen (2012), this will improve the GDP growth of the economy. Therefore, the inflation rate to a certain level can boost up the growth of the economy (DeLong Summers, 2012). References Arrow, K. J., Kruz, M. (2013).Public investment, the rate of return, and optimal fiscal policy(Vol. 1). Routledge. Coibion, O., Gorodnichenko, Y., Wieland, J. (2012). The optimal inflation rate in New Keynesian models: should central banks raise their inflation targets in light of the zero lower bound?.The Review of Economic Studies. DeLong, J. B., Summers, L. H. (2012). Fiscal policy in a depressed economy.Brookings Papers on Economic Activity,2012(1), 233-297. Junttila, J., Korhonen, M. (2012). The role of inflation regime in the exchange rate pass-through to import prices.International Review of Economics Finance,24, 88-96.

Law of Tort

Question: Whether Anna in the Present Case Could File a Case against Trevor for the Act of Negligence or not? Answer: Introduction Under the law of Tort, the term tort has been established from a Latin term for harm, and the aim of a claim for tort was basically to recover damages from the individual by the act of whom the other person has suffered harm. Though there have been different kinds of torts but the main tort which prevails in majority of cases was the tort of negligence (Hobart Community Legal Service, 2013). Negligence has been an unintentional tort wherein an individual was harmed as a consequence of the actions of other individual (Pearson Education, 2010). As per the view of Winfield, Negligence has been defined as a tort under which there was the contravention of a lawful obligation to take care which results in harm, undesired by the respondent towards the claimant (Legal Services Commission of South Australia, 2017). Negligence in its lawful sense have been defined as a failure in law to do act which a sensible individual would have done in the situations. It was in the precedent case of Donoghue v Stevenson[1932] AC 562 that the modern law of negligence was established (E-Lawresources,2017). But it was also stated in this case that for proving a act to be done negligently there have been 4 different elements which must be present. Also, the burden of proving an act to be done negligently have been imposed upon the claimant. So, in order to prove negligence against other individual a claimant must show that (McCormick and Murphy, 2017): Obligation of Care: There was a duty imposed upon the respondent in the situations to take reasonable care; Violation of Duty to take Care: It was the act or inaction of the respondent in the prevailing situations did not meet the standard of care which would have been taken by a reasonable person in such cases; Harm suffered: The harm or damage have been caused to the claimant in the situations which a reasonable individual could have been predicted to anticipate; Causation: The harm was suffered by the claimant by the contravention of the duty which was owed on the respondent to fulfill (Larson, 2016). In Tame v NSW (2002) 211 CLR 317 it was concluded that the law takes no cognizance of the act of negligence in the manner of summary. It distresses itself with negligence only where there was a obligation to take sensible care and where failure in that obligation has caused harm. Duty The lawful obligation of a respondent towards a claimant was founded on the failure of the respondent in order to fulfill a duty which was renowned under law of which claimant was the anticipated recipient. The primary element which would be bear in mind for determining the existence of a lawfully documented liability was the idea of a duty. So, under the law of negligence the word used for such a liability was the duty of care (Rottenstein Law Group, 2017). But a person would be liable for negligence, even if he or she did not act with rational care if they did not had a obligation towards the other person. So, under the tort law the concept of duty to take care was utilized in order to restrict the situations where a respondent was accountable for the harm of the claimant (Find Law, 2017). The concept of duty of care has been regarded as the situations and the associations which were recognized under law as providing a growth to a lawful obligation to take care. A failure to take sensible care could conclude in the respondent being accountable to pay compensations to a person who suffered harm as s consequence of their contravention of the obligation of care. As a result, it would be essential for the plaintiff to prove that the respondent owed a duty to take reasonable care towards them. It was in Donoghue v Stevenson [1932] AC 562, that the subsistence of a concept of duty of care for private harm and property harm was formerly decided by the judges (Hopcraft, 2015). In another matter of Caparo Industries Plc v Dickman [1990] 2 AC 605, the judges took into consideration the situations in which a duty of care may occur. The tribunal outlined 3 major problems which a tribunal must take in view to institute whether or not a duty to take reasonable care was present or not. The 3 problems which must be there were: There must be a sensible prudence of getting hurt; There must be adequate closeness of connection among the claimant and the respondent; It must be just, and reasonable to obligate a duty to take care. In Rylands v Fletcher (1868) LR 3 HL 330 it was concluded that where there was a physical harm than obligation would comparatively easy to be recognized. Therefore, in the current situation it could be stated that Trevor was a operator of the tour and was responsible for the harm of the people who were there on the trip. As a result, Anna being a member among the people who were there so, Trevor would said to have a duty of care towards her. Breach In order to establish a obligation under negligence, the claimant must depict on the equilibrium of chances that the respondent owed towards the claimant a obligation of care. Such an obligation to take care was violated by failing to meet the standard of care which was necessary and as a consequence harm was suffered by the claimant which was not too remote. As, once it has been recognized that the respondent owed a duty towards the claimant than the matter of whether or not that duty was breached must be settled (Australian Government, 2017). Breach of obligation therefore, needs the respondent to have been at error by not fulfilling their duty of taking reasonable care towards the claimant. But in shaping whether an obligation of taking care has been violated could be done by taking into consideration that whether the required standard of care have been taken or not. Contravention of duty was not restricted to the experts or the individual under a written or a oral agreement. But also all the people of the community have an obligation to exercise sensible concern towards other individual and their belongings. So, an individual who employs in activities that pose an irrational danger towards other people and their belongings that in fact concludes in injury then such a person would be regarded in violation of his duty (The Law Handbook 2016, 2017). In the case of Bolton v. Stone [1951] AC 850 it was recognized that a respondent was not be regarded as neglectful if the harm to the claimant was not a reasonable predictable result of his conduct. Also, it was stated that although the claimant suffered harm but she did not have a lawful assertion as the risk was not adequately predictable. So, it was confirmed by the judges that in deciding whether the respondent has acted sensibly or was in violation of duty would be based upon 4 factors such as there was: Probability of injury; Seriousness of injury; Cost of deterrence; Utility of the conduct of the respondent. In Paris V Stepney Borough Council [1951] Ac 367 it was held that the chance of the harm taking place was very small though but its effects were very grave. So, the defendant should have taken additional concern to grant goggles for the plaintiff. In the current scenerio, there was a clear breach of duty of care on the part of Trevor which he owed towards Anna as she was a part of the team members on the trip and he left the team members alone and went for some work. As Trevor got busy with another work and due to his lack of attention Anna suffered harm. Also, it was dark in the evening when the team returned and it was clearly observed by Trevor that there was situation to have foreseeable harm due to a Frogmouth perched in a tree so there was a lack of duty. So, Trevor should have advised the members of such harm. And Trevor did not told the members about the harm so it could be concluded that there was a clear contravention of his obligation to take care towards all of the members. So, a consequence of such act Annas heal was caught on a tree root due to which she endured knee harm therefore, Trevor would be regarded to be in breach. Damage Damages for the harm which has been suffered by the claimant could be claimed by him against the respondent if it would be established that the respondent have violated his duty towards the claimant under law (Bits of law, 2013). If a person wants to claim damages from a person for the injury caused by the negligent act of such person then the claimant must show that: The respondent acted in a negligent way and was found to be guilty of not fulfilling his duty which he owed towards the claimant; Then evaluation of the sum of proper damages which would be granted would be done by the court. The court would make a differentiation on the point that damages would be considered as special or general damages (Bits of Law, 2013). Special damages: It includes paid off out-of-pocket costs. It comprises of medical and ambulance price, and many more. General damages: It includes loss of earning capability in the future, tenderness and pain, etc. But in this case, damages would not be paid off to Anna as she was contributory negligent. Because the harm caused to Anna was not only due to the negligent act of Trevor but also due to her own carelessness. So, Trevor had taken defence of Contributory negligence. Defence Even when a case have been brought against the respondent stating that he acted in negligent way, Then also he has a defense to take i.e contributory negligence. Also, such a defense could be taken only when the respondent could prove that thought he was neglectful on his part but the claimant also did not take reasonable care in protecting herself and have exposed herself to danger (Find Law, 2017). Basically, against a claim of claimant against the respondent there have been 3 defenses which he could take but mainly the defense which was taken in the case of negligence was contributory negligence. As per the need of this concept of contributory negligence it was clearly confirmed that if a person has failed to take rational care for his own safety or harm then such a person would be said to be contributory negligent (Laws, 2017). In Badger v Ministry of Defence [2005] QBD D it was concluded that as the claimant himself did not take rational care for his own security so he would be contributory negligent against a defendant for his loss and as a result could not claim compensation. So, in the present scenario, though it was Trevor had a obligation of care towards all the members as when Anna removed her shoes and wore other shoes he was watching the rare Marbled Frogmouth perched in a tree which could have caused anticipated harm. But he did not warn her so he was negligent on his part. At the same time, he could held Anna also contributory negligent as Trevor told all the members previously that they must wear shoes which was provided but she abandoned to follow so there was a obvious act of contributory negligence. Remedies So, as in the cases of negligence the remedy provided majorly was the grant of damages but not where there was a predictable harm. But in this case, there would be fewer amounts of damages which would be paid as there was contributory negligence on the part of both the parties (Legal Aid, 2015). In Overseas Tankship (UK) v Morts Dock and Engineering Co (The Wagon Mound) (1961) it was upheld that the respondents were not held liable as the harm caused was predictable. Conclusion At the end it could be concluded that in current scenario as the injury which was caused was predictable and it was the claimant himself who did not take care of her own protection, so there was a collaborative error on the part of both the individuals. But there was a contravention of the obligation on the part of Trevor to take case as he left the members alone at a new place. But in the case if Anna it would be considered that as Trevor told to all the members that they must wear shoes as it was risky and it was her who inaccurately ignored his orders. So, she could not claim Trevor completely liable for the harm. References Australian Government. (2017) Fault. [Online] Australian law Reform Commission. Available from: https://www.alrc.gov.au/publications/7-fault/negligence [Accessed on 22/2/17] Bits of law. (2013) Damage: Causation. [Online] Bits of law. Available from: https://www.bitsoflaw.org/tort/negligence/study-note/degree/damage-causation-factual-legal [Accessed on 22/2/17] Bits of Law. (2013) Remedies: Damages. [Online] Bits of Law. Available from: https://www.bitsoflaw.org/tort/negligence/study-note/degree/remedies-damages-principles-special-general [Accessed on 22/2/17] E-Lawresources. (2017) Negligence. [Online] E-Lawresources. Available from: https://e-lawresources.co.uk/Negligence.php [Accessed on 22/2/17] Find Law. (2017) Contributory and Comparative Negligence. [Online] Find Law. Available from: https://injury.findlaw.com/accident-injury-law/contributory-and-comparative-negligence.html [Accessed on 22/2/17] Find Law. (2017) Elements of a Negligence Case. [Online] Find Law. Available from: https://injury.findlaw.com/accident-injury-law/elements-of-a-negligence-case.html [Accessed on 22/2/17] Hobart Community Legal Service. (2013) Negligence and the Duty of Care. [Online] Hobart Community Legal Service. Available from: https://www.hobartlegal.org.au/tasmanian-law-handbook/accidents-and-insurance/negligence/negligence-and-duty-care [Accessed on 22/2/17] Hopcraft, S. (2015) What is the definition of negligence?. [Online] Wright Hassall.Available from: https://www.wrighthassall.co.uk/knowledge/legal-articles/2015/04/23/what-definition-negligence/ [Accessed on 22/2/17] Larson, A. (2016) Negligence and Tort Law. [Online] Expert Law. Available from: https://www.expertlaw.com/library/personal_injury/negligence.html [Accessed on 22/2/17] Laws. (2017) Contributory Negligence. [Online] Laws. Available from: https://negligence.laws.com/contributory-negligence [Accessed on 22/2/17] Legal Aid. (2015) Negligence. [Online] Legal Aid. Available from:https://www.legalaid.wa.gov.au/InformationAboutTheLaw/BirthLifeandDeath/Personalinjury/Pages/Negligence.aspx [Accessed on 22/2/17] Legal Services Commission of South Australia. (2017) What is negligence?. [Online] Legal Services Commission of South Australia. Available from: https://www.lawhandbook.sa.gov.au/ch29s05s01.php [Accessed on 22/2/17] McCormick and Murphy. (2017) Understanding the 4 Elements of Negligence. [Online] McCormick and Murphy. Available from: https://www.mccormickmurphy.com/diy/liability/negligence/ [Accessed on 22/2/17] Pearson Education. (2010) Negligence and Unintentional Torts. [Online] Pearson Education. Available from: https://wps.prenhall.com/ca_ph_blair_law_1/2/538/137983.cw/index.html [Accessed on 22/2/17] Rottenstein Law Group. (2017) What is negligence?. [Online] Rottenstein Law Group. Available from: https://www.rotlaw.com/legal-library/what-is-negligence/ [Accessed on 22/2/17] The Law Handbook 2016. (2017) Negligence, liability and damages. [Online] The Law Handbook 2016. Available from: https://www.lawhandbook.org.au/10_01_01_negligence_liability_and_damages/ [Accessed on 22/2/17]