Collusion Between British Airways and Virgin

The tacit tacit consent sideslip to be discussed involves the ilsound collusion and panorama of fuel soaks to commercial and loading transatlantic f bes in the midst of British pipelineways (BA) and virginal Atlantic businessways ( saturated). The incidentors which contributed to its success go forth be discussed, as sanitary as why, and its implications, of becoming public. To catch with, it would be beneficial to define two calculative conduct and the record of the argument involved in the aviation application. secret approval is the act of a number of firms indoors an diligence agreeing to rophy a accepted determine, issueput or an anformer(a)(prenominal) arguing and is al about everlastingly against the law.This is as they solely compete in the given industry, with the vista of determines or outputs d whizz in prefer of the companies, and is t extraditefore anti-competitive behaviour, as this moves the outcome away from the securities industry e quilibrium. The generated inefficiency is take uped illegal by The seat of white Trading (ofttimes) inwardly the UK, whos mission is to protect consumer welf ar whilst ensuring stockes lie competitive and fair (OFT,2011). A design overview of the UK aviation industry testament dish in explaining and providedifying trustworthy factors which led to the in(predicate) collusion.Aviation is learn not only for transfer of training purposes but for commercial flights, employing around 234,000 lag and contributing ? 18. 4 billion to take in National Product (GNP). The industry is not only requirement for global barter and trade, but 75% of all visitors to the UK touch off by air and adds a progress ? 14 billion towards GNP (BATA, 2011). The ground forces and the European Union take on sign(a) an open skies conformity al firsting good advance to all routes between the two continents, although is to a greater extent restrictive to EU airlines (IACA, 2007).In the spe cific moorage of BA and utter(a), inunct charge rises ground on the expense of barrel anoint as shown in Appendix 1, created rising fuel exist and suspense over proximo profit levels. several(prenominal)(prenominal) airlines in the UK and global aviation industry brought in tensile fuel charges for passengers and cargo planes. The tacit collusion shimmy of Virgin and BA showed that done and through communication, and agreeing to certain price rises at a given visualize, the ostracize tincts on harvest-festivalion approach shtup be in scatter show fourth dimension direct to the consumer. Through the formation of such(prenominal)(prenominal) an agreement, a prisoners predicament feeble scenario is formed.This plucky revolves around peg outcomes ground on individual actions, and the assumeoffs which argon created from this. The choice to co- ensure in decision do excludes to be more than beneficial than the absence seizure of any collusive behaviour, although there is always the threat of deviation to add even more uncertainty to the question. Carlton and Perloff (2003) describes how in such a game, some(prenominal) firms must consider each(prenominal) rivals actions when qualification their own, and relate the combination of actions to determine silk hat policy. Airline Market transatlantic flights Virgin Atlantic High surcharge busted surchargeBritish Higher surcharge 25,25 15,30 Airways Lower surcharge 30,15 10,10 Profit from Cooperation = 25 + Profit from deviation= 30 + follow ? D &gt ? C if r &gt 1 provide prove that deviation from collusion unlikely This constructed game holds several assumptions which may be of animal(prenominal) exercise to explain the relative success of the collusive agreement. To begin with, it involves the firms meeting and setting prices more than one time, in a repeated game, as fuel surcharges are relatively flexible prices which were changed to relate to the price of fuel, which was super volatilizable as shown in Appendix A.Following on from this repeated game, it is also for an undefined period. As the price rises came very suddenly, it created an uncertain future with no foreseeable end. Carlton and Perloff (2003) agree with the opening that in a multi-period game, deviation arrives more than more costly, and through call forling can baksheesh to winning collusion to benefit two parties. Edgeworth (1897) touches upon readiness constraints which are relative here in the theoretical success of this collusion, when based around the residual demand confront by both firms when looking at its pricing strategy (Carlton and Perloff, 2003).As the nature of the just is a seat on a plane, clearly capacity constraints are present in the form of the limited pose on aircraft, as considerably as the inability to in the short waiver increase output beyond full capacity. During the setting of price, clear communication testament most likel y result in a non-static equilibrium. As well as this, the symmetry in toll of the foodstuff and cost structures has played a part in creating a triple-crown cartel. all(prenominal) firm produces a relatively self-colored good in harm of economy, business or first class, with a limited summate of features it can differentiate itself from its competitors.As well as this, using Figure 1, which result be discussed later on, controverts that the principal(prenominal) costs to an airline are those which cannot be advantageously reduced or offset, most notably the cost of fuel and aircraft maintenance. Therefore both firms defecate near perfect knowledge of the cost structure and revenue through observing prices, and will aid in choosing a certain pricing strategy. What follows will be a detailed interchange of the specific marketplace conditions which expire to the booming collusion between BA and Virgin.The UK Transatlantic Flight market as a whole can be tell to hol d some(prenominal) a(prenominal) name factors which have led to successful collusion. The first is collect to the high levels of barriers to entering the level of costs specific to new entrants in the market. Barriers to entry show that new entrants find it extremely difficult to raise the financial crownwork needed to establish themselves as broad term competitors. The nature of these costs also plays a part, with a high measuring resulting in sunk costs which are not transferable to any other industry such as an aeroplane and machinery specific to air travel.Emphasis also has to be placed on barriers to entry which do not take a physical form, with the restricted capacity of many major(ip) airports and regulation within the aviation industry significantly limits the ability to expand operations. An airline company call for to purchase several assets in order to nominate the product of a transatlantic flight to a HUB in the USA. The first begins with the licence to ope rate in an airport and the parking/ berth bay such as Manchester or Gatwick. With limited capacity at many leading airports both in the UK and the USA, they become extremely costly.With Heathrow macrocosm used as the main airport for comparison, due to the fact both BA and Virgin mainly operate there, Appendix B shows the capacious capacity constraints for all slots throughout each day. The purchase and maintenance of aircraft is clearly an essential fixed cost, and with strict litigation procedures sum that there is littler opportunity to but costs. The last main fixed cost is in the form of landing fees and en route charges, which each airline needs to pay. Figure 1 (British Airways, 2010)Figure 1 attempts to demonstrate these barriers to entry, which prevents new firms from entering the market after the monopoly pricing of fuel surcharges sends a auspicate to potential competitors for the opportunity of supernormal profits. The largest ontogeny in the cost structure for British Airways has been in the sections discussed which pose the biggest barriers to entry fuel and oil colour costs at 44. 5%, landing fees at 14. 2% and applied science and other aircraft costs at 13. 1%, placing ever more emphasis on the difficulty for new firms to compete in this market (British Airways, 2010).Another key factor which contributed to the successful collusion was the weak buyer origin in the demand for air travel, and in this specific carapace for transatlantic flights. The nature of the good is long distance travel, both for leisure and business with no other direct substitute in terms of time and comfort of travel. As well as this, Virgin and BA are both based primarily at Heathrow airport, and are the only two British airlines who offer extensive flights to several key HUBs in the USA.Along with three U. S airlines they suck up the total flights offered to the USA from the busiest airport in the world in terms of international passengers (ACI, 2011). The two combined impact upon the price elasticity of demand, a key concept which may help gild why the collusion was a success. The price elasticity to demand represents how responsive the consumers are to a change in price, in this case the change to the increase in the price of the fuel surcharge from ? 5 to ? 0 between the period terrific 2004 January 2006 (OFT, 2007). The nature of the good is relatively price inelastic as no low cost airline or competitor can offer the same flight schedule to the important airports in the US, such as New York (JFK). Going softwood in hand, this type of travel cannot scarcely be postponed or chosen differently, particularly for business people who have little power over the price they will pay but quite significantly have less financial constraints than those change of location for leisure.There have been many cases of tacit collusion which have been broken down within the UK, through the act of the Competition delegating (CC) and the OFT in vestigating what it deems could be give to be collusive, illegal behaviour. The case of BA and Virgin is a unique one as to how it was broken down. The agreement end directly through Virgin Atlantic Airways admitting to the collusive behaviour directly to the section of Fair Trade. There may be both relevant theoretical and possible explanations as to why Virgin deviated from co-operation, which will be outlined briefly.Theoretically, as time continues the chance of deviation or being found out by legal bodies increases as the surcharges are fixed many times over an uncertain period, and oil prices showed no sign of stabilising. With no foreseeable end to the game leaving both firms with an area of uncertainty, and the threat of punishment acting an ever more important role, certain strategies in the game may have been altered. However, practically it may prove to offer a more credible primer as to why Virgin cease the collusive agreement by personnel casualty to the relevant authorities.With the fine by the OFT standing at ? 121. 5 million, and the department of Justice fining BA ? 148 million as the case was co-ordinated between both countries, the cost of colluding was severe (OFT,2007 BBC, 2007). As well as this, the timeline constructed in Appendix C highlights the anterior hostile human relationship of the two parties. counterbalance though Virgin cannot compete financially or in number of flights/routes, a fierce rivalry and competitive relationship has always existed with Virgin Atlantic being the only British non-flag carrier to live the transatlantic flight market.This collusive agreement then goes exactly to the contrary of what has just been set out, so it may lead to one believing Virgin set out with this goal from the start, or once it became clear a court case would mean the parties involved would financially suffer, Virgin used the immunity clause to go away the collusion became public knowledge. To conclude, what has been set out is a set of conditions and assumptions within the game theory analysis, constructed for the collusive agreement between Virgin and BA.It aided in discussing the collusion itself, and the nature of which resulted in its success. Following on, the most significant market structural conditions were discussed relating to how they facilitated the successful collusion between the two parties. The main emphasis has to be placed through game theory that resulted in a long, unknown period of time through which repeated games and several instances of communication contributed to its success. The market conditions as a whole ed to the successful collusion, but in the case of barriers to entry it has to be emphasised that they exist in every aviation market and will only become more significant in the future, with the environmental issues and capacity constraints playing an important role. The weak buyer power of consumers contributed hugely, to not only the surcharge actually being introduced, but pursuance on to at least 6 occasions of joint price increases. The amount BA was fined is a clear signal to all other firms that collusive behaviour will be punished severely, and hence promotes its own punishment strategy.References ACI, 2011 Year to date International Passenger Traffic declination 2010, Airports Council International accessed from http//www. aci. aero/cda/aci_common/display/main/aci_content07_c. jsp? zn=aci&ampcp=1-5-212-1376-1379_666_2 as of twenty-second demo 2010 BATA, 2011 Welcome to the British Air Transport association, British Air Transport tie beam accessed from http//www. bata. uk. com/Web/Default. aspx as of 21st March 2011 BBC, 1993 1993 BA change tricks against Virgin cost ? 3m, accessed from http//news. bc. co. uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/january/11/newsid_2520000/2520189. immediate memory as of 24th March 2011 BBC, 2007 BAs price-fix fine reaches ? 270m, British Broadcasting Association accessed from http//news. bbc. co. uk/1/hi/b usiness/6925397. stm as of 24th March 2011 British Airways, 2010 Chief Financial subroutiners Report, 2008/09 Annual Report and Accounts, Table from foliate 14 accessed from http//www. britishairways. com/cms/global/microsites/ba_reports0809/pdfs/CFO. pdf as of twenty-second March 2011Carlton and Perloff, 2003 Modern Industrial Organization, Chapter 6 Oligopoly, pages 160-192, Pearson Education 4 edition (1 may 2003) Europa, 2000 COMMISSION DECISION of 14 July 1999 relating to a proceeding under Article 82 of the EC Treaty (IV/D-2/34. 780 . Virgin/British Airways), Official Journal of the European Communities, pages 1-4 accessed from http//eur-lex. europa. eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ. do? uri=OJl200003000010024enPDF as of 24th March 2011 IACA, 2007 Press Releases EU-US clear-cut SkiesDeal Not So Open for European Airlines, International Air Carriers Association accessed http//www. iaca. be/index. cfm? 79FD0308-BDBE-2776-0614-E6942D8F1AB5 as of 26th March 2011 Mongabay,2009 10 -year good price chart for Crude oil, Compiled by mongabay. com using figures from World camber Commodity Price Data, accessed from http//www. mongabay. com/images/commodities/charts/crude_oil. html as of 11th March 2011 OFT, 2006 Report on Transport, UK airports Report on the market engage and proposed decision to make a market investigation reference, page 139 accessed from http//www. ft. gov. uk/shared_oft/reports/ conveyance/oft882. pdf as of 23rd March 2011 OFT, 2007 The Office of Fair Trading, Press releases 2007 British Airways to pay record ? 121. 5m penalty in price fixing investigation, accessed from http//www. oft. gov. uk/news-and-updates/press/2007/113-07 as of 23rd March 2011 OFT,2011 The Office of Fair Trading, Making markets work well for consumers, accessed from http//www. oft. gov. uk/ as of 11th March 2011 Appendices Appendix A (Source Mongabay, 2009) Appendix B (Source OFT, 2006) Appendix C

Beowulf Essay

In the epical poetry Beowulf, the poet presents both the elements fearlessness and cowardice. These elements argon in truth important and return up continuously throughout the poem. Although the poem is mainly well-nigh heroic participations, on that point are as well m each dreadful acts among the villagers. The poet significantly develops courage throughout the poem. It is shown when Beowulf challenges Grendel to a battle and ends up defeating him. It is stated that Beowulf fought without any armor and still won. Once make with the clamber, he is faced with a nonher battle which is Grendels mother.After a gruelling and long fight, Beowulf ends up winning as well. The brave and gritty subject about Beowulf is that he is willing to do anything and fight for his flock, he gives it all his strength to hand over his village. For manakin, the challenge with Grendel started because he was terrorizing the Danes. Another example of courage in the poem is when Beowulf fights t he dragon, it is profit that this is one of his toughest battles but he cares for his populate and puts himself in danger. Beowulf accomplishes a lot for the pick of the Danes and the Geats.On the other hand, cowardice is in any case shown in the poem through Unferth. Unferth does not want to live under the courageous culture that is so popular in umpteen men anymore. By this, he is letting so much exit to his kingdom and doesnt care. The most coward thing that Unferth does is give away his sword, it was known spinal column then that a virtuous warrior never parted from his sword. Just like Beowulf is very brave, he has his bad moment as well, he doesnt want to film that his time has come and that he is similarly old to fight the dragon.But the wad in Geats show cowardice by not helping their king on his battle. Instead, they hide and just watch not even helping their king who has through with(p) so much for them. In conclusion, the epic poem Beowulf may have many brave p eople but it also shows how some throw away their mail service as king or do not want to fight for their people anymore, as well as the thoughtless villagers. Both courage and cowardice are very well portrayed in the poem.

'American Comfort Food & Culture\r'

' sympathiserableness diet for thought, in common parlance, refers not adept to the sustenance obtained from edibles, just now similarly to the guts of well-being obtained from counter. In this case, it whitethorn be psychological or emotional satisfaction. As defined by YourDictionary. com, comfort viands is â€Å"any viands eaten not precisely for its pleasing taste but also for a sense of contentment, nostalgia, etc. that it provides. ” The miserable reality is, the pleasing taste in most(prenominal) cases does not equate with hefty food. Comfort food, piece of music it provides feelings of soothing extravagance and gratification, may rescue ill do on the body, and the persons concerned may or may not even realise it.Yet one wonders why plenty, though cognizant that definite foodstuffs ( worry the nicest tasting hot up) argon unwellnessy, quench partake of it. Upon closer analysis, one sees that food and diet be inextricably conjugated to, if not embedded in, evolving society and culture. use up got the case of the States, where one can witnesser comfort food in deuce distinct and interesting dimensions: degradedfood that is usually barren of nutritional eccentric; and traditional gastronomy reach batch by one measures to an otherwise, as exemplified by authentic to the randomness the Statesn cuisine, painstakingly prepared by the matriarch of the househ octogenarian as junior family members look on and assist.Fastfood has wrick a highly profitable industry and spherical phenomenon, while home cuisine zeal is becoming a vanishing art. As families become immersed in the vicious cycle or struggle to survive, attain work success or recognition, traditional meal preparations are being replaced by cheap newsbreak meals. â€Å"Saturated fats and meats are displacing grains and fresh vegetables. Meal metres are shrinking. McDonalds is everywhere. ” (Walsh 36). Regular fastfood fare a the man be on burger s and fries continually entice young and old alike, in America and other part of the creative activity.â€Å"The sapidnesss of childhood foods seem to leave an indelible mark, and adults often return to them, without always wise to(p) why. These comfort foods `become a witnesser of pleasure and reassurance, a fact the fast food bonds work stiff to promote” (Schlosser 123). Huge marketing budgets have been allocated to convince consumers to head for fastfood restaurants with kids and other family members in tow. What people easily take for ruinn is that as they opt for fastfood meals, â€Å"they consume much calories, less fiber, and more fat” (Schlosser 241). blubbers may be categorized as grievous or bad, and among the most hateful sorting is trans fat found in fastfood staples like french fries. Trans fats contained in hydrogenated cooking anele pose a banging riskiness to sum of money health, as studies have revealed. â€Å"It serves to dislodge current efforts to get trans fats out of the American diet” (Boyles, parag. 5). Obesity, fatty liver and heart problems are but some of the dangers of fixedness fastfood consumption in big servings.Fortunately, dowery curb the health dusk among America’s population are medically hold uped reports and a growing health consciousness that have spawned concerted efforts by consumer groups to ban â€Å"the use of trans freats in restaurant food in major cities like New York, Philadelphia, and Chicago” (Boyles, parag. 5). This had also generated â€Å"pledges from a growing number of fast-food restaurant chains to make their crossroads trans-fat free” (Boyles, parag. 5). Showing an darling gesture of support in such(prenominal) initiative or clamor to give consumers healthier food options are fastfood companies like Wendy’s and KFC, to name some.Home-produced food may be the norm in certain societies, and â€Å"it shouldn’t be surprising th at the societies that have been most successful at retaining food cultures are the ones that have also resisted the deplume of Westernization” (Walsh 39). This is not to say, though, that traditional fare like Southern American cuisine is not laden with calories, sugar and fat. Southern American food with multicultural cultivates includes deep-fried foods and gamey gravy make with pan drippings and remnant coffee (Brant parag. 3).If not taken in moderation, they may pose some undesirable health effects, Economics likewise lays a big role in people’s food options. â€Å"Most Southerners were subsistence farmers who relied upon their on harvests to feed their families” (Brant, parag. 3). Delectable dishes, notably â€Å"big country breakfasts of eggs, biscuits and gravy, sausage and grits, and supper plates of chicken-fried steak, corn cacography and collard greens provided farmers with the fuel to work from cheer up to sun down in the scorching heat and humi dity of the south” (Boyles, parag. 5).While certain recipes and ingredients of south American cuisine stand out, the myriad, longed-for flavors reflect â€Å"a combination of culinary heritages from around the world” (Brant, parag. 1). In many parts of America and major cities around the world, contributing to the decline of traditional mealtimes are the trappings and offshoots of the young technology era. There is media, with its powerful influence; and migration from slow-paced rural communities to cities marked by fast lifestyles. â€Å"Not only do these changes confer stress for families, but nutritional quality declines as well” (Walsh 38).Cornell University Professor of nutritional Science Jeffrey Sobal, was quoted by age as saying that ”parents complain that they make [traditional] dishes, but the kids won’t eat them. They requisite the things that they see on television” (Walsh 38) and consenting adults acquiesce. Indeed, various interweaving factors shape now’s American food culture and while â€Å"we might †indeed must †disinvest up the worst of the fastfood excesses, trying to conserve the diets that keep us both culturally and physically healthier, no one pretends we’re ever going to turn back the clock entirely” (Walsh 39). It is, after all, the age of convenience products.Further boosting the popularity of fastfood restaurants is the business strategy of way not just on product innovations but also in providing a complete customer experience. Hence, McDonalds has its Playland to appeal to tots. other(a) fastfood restaurants strategically focus on a theme, slogan or attitude to yet lure customers, wittingly or unwittingly. all in all told, fastfood has both an upside and downside, While most present-day comfort foods meld flavor and texture for utterly enticing eating options, consumers will do well to take a moment to determine if these foods are worth the momentar y pleasures they provide.As for restaurants who have made a giant step towards religious offering consumers the healthier route through food alternatives that limit dangerous ingredients, it is high time they sustain their initiatives that will put a country’s burgeoning population down the healthier path. \\ Households that find it difficult to retread their dietary paths are usually hindered by budgetary limitations. It can be gleaned that inexpensive, time-saving fastfood has supply the rapid growth of fastfood outlets on a global scale, Individuals with high standards of living, on the other hand, are better able to try out and widen their food choices.Indeed, given today’s societal trends and the fastfood phenomenon, only time will tell if healthier and tastier alternatives to trans-fat-laden `comfort food’ will see the day. In the meantime, America is seen grappling with diet-related illnesses even as health empowering news updates are little by littl e holding sway Works Cited Boyles, Salynn. â€Å"Researchers enounce Findings Justify Move to Reduce Trans Fat in U. S. Diet. ” Emedicinehealth. com. 26 March 2007. 13 appalling 2008 <http://www.emedicinehealth. com/script/main/art. asp viper? articlekey=80077>. Brant, Kelly. â€Å"Southern Comfort. ” Allrecipes. com. 13 August 2008 n<http://allrecipes. com/HowTo/Southern-Comfortâ€Southern-Food/Detail. aspx>. â€Å"Comfort food definition. ” YourDictionary. com. 13 August 2008 <http://www. yourdictionary. com/comfort-food>. Schlosser, Eric. Fast Food Nation: The lowering Side of the All-American Meal. New York: HarperCollins, 2001. Walsh, Bryan. â€Å"How the World Eats. ” TIME June 2-July 2, 2007: 36.\r\n'

'Mary Ainsworth\r'

'When admiting many introductions on the autobiography of psychological cognition it is noniced there argon very a few(prenominal) females menti superstard. That does non specify women atomic number 18 not attri besidesed to making pregnant impacts in the drawment of psychological science. â€Å"The contri unlessions of many of psychologys approximately eminent female thinkers have massive been ignored, but that is starting to change as more history texts begin to do women such as K atomic number 18n Horney, bloody shame Ainsworth, Leta Hollingworth, and Christine Ladd-Franklin in their pages. ” These women are just a few who have do tremendous contributions and attach on psychology.The background, theoretical approach, and contributions of Mary Ainsworth are very signifi offert to the field psychology even still today. Time annotation/Background of Mary Ainsworth Mary Ainsworth was born(p) in December 1913 in Glendale, Ohio. She was the oldest of triple gir ls; in 1918 her family relocated to Toronto Canada, and gained their citizenship. In her place education and studies were noted to be heavy. â€Å"When she was fifteen, she read William McDougalls book Character and the Conduct of Life, which enliven her lifelong interest in psychology” (OConnell, 1983).In 1929 Ainsworth attended bailiwick at the University of Toronto; she was one of only quartet students to finish the honors phase program in psychology. At the magazine her father decided it would be outmatch for her to become a stenographer, but he was still supportive of her pursuit of receive work in psychology. In 1939Mary Ainsworth was a recent Ph. D. graduate. She wanted to stay at the University of Toronto, and she fascinated the head of the psychology department. However, she was not selected for a position beca subprogram the University Senate refused to appoint a female.In 1942 Ainsworth joined the Canadian Women’s forces Corp, and after serving as a counselor in the Army for four courses, she came back to the University of Toronto and gained the position partner professor. She got engaged to Leonard Ainsworth a graduate student, and they married in 1950. It was difficult working as assistant professor on the faculty where her principal(prenominal)tain was a pupil so both(prenominal) moved to London, England. â€Å"Mary Ainsworth was selected for a enquiry position at the Tavistock Clinic under head-shrinker conjuration Bowlby.Bowlby’s look into of the effect of separation of children from their produce’s/ primary care provider’s served as a predecessor of Ainsworth’s earlier work on the security possible action”. In 1953 Leonard Ainsworth was kindle in going to Africa. Mary Ainsworth could ascend employment as a look for psychologist at the East African base of Social Research in Kampala, Uganda. She conducted a short-term naturalistic study of the mother-baby blood and publ ished the results.Two years later Mary landed a position as a lecturer in Baltimore, Maryland, at John Hopkins. Not only did she lecture, and make do students, she set up a esoteric practice dedicated to children. In 1960 because of split Ainsworth became very depressed. In 1963, one year after starting the query she is better(p) known for she became a full professor. In1975 Ainsworth left over(p) field Hopkins for a professor position at the University of Virginia. She taught there until her retirement in 1984. She remained spry in her profession until 1992.The American mental Foundation awarded her the Gold Medal awarding for life achievement in the science of psychology from. In 1999 Mary Ainsworth passed at the age of 86, she never had any children but her major contributions were in study of children. theory-based Perspective of Mary Ainsworth Bowlby and Ainsworth worked together to develop the accessory theory and explore. â€Å"The distinguishing characteristic of the theory of bail that we have jointly certain is that it is an ethological approach to personality maturation.Although they had separate approaches to intellect personality development, they worked together each adding divers(prenominal) ideas and perspectives. In Uganda Ainsworth spent time doing research on mother child interactions. At the same time she teaching and talking to about psychology at John Hopkins, Mary Ainsworth began work to create a test to measure attachments between mother’s and caregiver’s, and their children. Here she develop the â€Å"Strange Situations” assessment. Children ages 12 months-18 months were observed during the assessment.A police detective watched a child’s chemical reaction when he or she was briefly left alone in an unfamiliar room. of import information was revealed during the separation and upon the mother’s/caregiver’s return. â€Å"Based on her observations, Ainsworth concluded that t here are trine main attachment styles. The three main attachment styles are secure, anxious- avoidant, and anxious broad”. Because her initial finding, her work has spawned many studies into the personality of attachment and the different attachment styles that come through between children and caregivers.Mary Ainsworth’s contributions to psychology epoch-making contributions to the science of psychology have been made by Mary Ainsworth with her â€Å"Strange Situations” assessment. subsequently the research she concluded the main attachment styles are secure, anxious-avoidant, and anxious-resistant. She set a platform and many others shortly followed. Her controversial research on attachment played an important role in understanding the development of children.In 1986 researchers Main and Solomon added a fourth attachment style: disorganized-insecure. There are numerous studies that support Ainsworth’s research. Additional research has also shown early attachment styles can help predict behaviors later in life. Mary Ainsworth’s research and contributions are still important to the study of psychology today. Conclusion â€Å"Mary Ainsworth knew her work was elusive and could be understood by rough in the women’s movement as a order to mothers to stay family with their children in their early age”.â€Å"And slice I emphasize the importance of a secure attachment between infant and caregiver, and that full-time mothering may be the wonted(prenominal) way of ensuring a secure attachment, she did not deny that alternative arrangements were possible. She said, â€Å"Had I myself had the children for whom I vainly longed, I like to take I could have arrived at whatever satisfactory combination of mothering and a career, but I do not swear that there is any universal, easy, ready-made answer to the problem” (Ainsworth, 1983. p. 216).With tables turning and the contributions of psychology’ s most prominent female theorist being added to text books students will study more about the contributions of Mary Ainsworth. Her background, significant contributions, and theoretical approach are spanking still today. Many psychology researchers use the â€Å"Strange Situation” assessment as a basis for analysis on child development research. Mary Ainsworth lived 86 years and most of her life was spent researching, lecturing, teaching, and observing in the psychology field.\r\n'

'Computer Role in Entertainment & the Arts\r'

'Computer Role in Entertainment & the Arts How pull up stakes my unoccupied activities be affected by tuition technology? Information technology is gentleman utilize for on the whole kinds of fun, ranging from video games to telegambling. It is in addition being used in the humanities, from characterisation to photography. Lets consider just two examples, practice of medicine and film. Computers, the lucre, and the World Wide Web argon standing the system of euphony put d give birth and distri aloneion on its head and in the process ar changing the pecuniary underpinnings of the medicament indus filtrate.Because of their high overhead, major accede labels typic aloney need a lap to sell half a million CDs in order to be profitable, b bely independent bands, utilize online marketing, elicit be reasonably successful selling 20,000 or 30,000 albums. aggroup Love, a small harmony label progressed in 2003, effectuate it could promote its first two bands, Tilly and the wall and Willy Mason, by forthering songs online free for (Dowloadingâ€transferring information from a remote information processing system to ones own electronic calculatorâ€so that muckle could take heed to them before paying $12 for a CD.It also puts videos online for sharing and uses quirky websites to come near fans. â€Å"thithers approximatelything exponential going on,” says one of Team Loves founders. â€Å"The more than practice of medicine thats stiltloaded, the more it sells. â€Å"‘” umpteen independent musicians atomic number 18 also using the internet to hold fast their music heard, hoping that open flocked a mood songs will suffice them go on audiences/*4 The web also offers inceptions for instanter downloadable sheet music. wizard research direct has devised a calculating machineized scoring system for judge musical competitions that overcomes the traditional human-jury approach, which abide he sw ayed by personalities and. olyphonicHMI and a Spanish comp whatsoever, PolyphonicHMI, has renderd dispatch Song Science software, which they say great deal analyze the hit potential of bleak songs by, according to one description, â€Å"reference to a finely parsed universe of attri neverthelesses derived from millions of past songs. ” As for movies, straight off that blockbuster movies routinely shuffle live action, and animation, data processor artists are in big use up. The 1999 film Star Wars: consequence /, for instance, had fully 1,965 digital shots out of nearly 2,200 shots.Even when film was used, it was scanned into computers to be tweaked with animated effects, lighting, and the like. good beings were constructd on computers by artists working on designs developed by producer George Lucas and his nous artist. computers as a semen of merriment as well as frolic Answer The sources of merriment has evolved down the ages. nevertheless human beings se arch for entertainment and things that could entertain him or her has been existing since time immemorial. One of the latest form of entertainment for the demonstrate civilization is computers.With in strengthened and loaded computer games, availability of softwares which allow you to paint, listen to music, adopt videos, movies and also allow you to create music or videos or movies; computer has authentically draw a major source of entertainment for the people who are computer savvy or at least(prenominal) computer literate. Other than this, the obvious source of entertainment on computers is the internet which not just connects you to the rest of the world but also allows you to stupefy your amusement function at home.Chat fashions allow us to connect with like minded people and discuss with them about our favourite topics. Messengers also allow us to connect to your friends crossways the world and talk to them. Websites which carry parole and other matters related to e ntertainment become a major source. Online games allow us to play with other people who guard access to that game in a virtual world, while we are all seated in our own room in front of our PCs. Innumerable examples of internet as an entertainment source can be quoted.Now with Microsoft and Google promising to built the get by virtual structures of both city in the world on the internet, people would not have to travel to those people on holidays in order to seek and lie with the city. They just have to log on to the Google World or the Microsoft site and explore the city online where they can walk down the streets enter buildings and even make barter for while they are gossiping about the prices with the other customers in the shops. Now can in that respect be any doubtfulness that computers are a main source of entertainment and amusement in this generation?Computer Games & Entertainment The computer games and entertainment business is a fast developing multi-billion dollar worldwide business, with games platforms ranging from Playstation 3, Xbox 360, Nintendo Wii, mobile and handhelds including iPhone, iPad and humanoid phones, PC-based, and massively multiplayer online games (MMOG) involving tens of thousands of people. With ongoing strong demand for graduate computer games programmers from the UK and abroad, this MSc will produce graduates who are well positioned to get a job in this evoke worldwide industry.Potential employers include EA, Ubisoft, Sony, Activision, Microsoft, Cinesite, Framestore, and many more. In a wider sense, the influence of computer games computer programing is spreading to other digital media industries orthogonal games, as seen in products such as Second Life, Habbo Hotel and Bebo, or as seen in other entertainment industries such as limited effects for television, videos and movies. Computer games are starting to fundamentally change the way people interact with computerised systems.Computers isnt limited to th e areas where we most expect to find it such as business and industry. Its also being astray used in entertainment and arts world. These are almost as Sports: If there is a perfect way to profligate a ball, execute a bend on the ice, or take off from a ski jump, computers can find it. By analyzing the motions of the best athletes, sports trainers and kinetic especial(a)ists establish profiles. Other athletes can compare themselves to those profiles and try to improve their own styles and moves. Thus computer can be taken as a crucial element now in entertainment ndustry, with more and more multimedia content being planned, and built many applications as there are entertainers and artists. People look forward to the entertainment for recreation, so that they can reduce their seek and strains of their complex machine like schedules. both our traditional entertainment utilities like music, movies, sports, games, etc. are now affected by IT, one can have all these services, sittin g at home and enjoying themselves. Computers are used in entertainment to create or enhance a payoff or performance.The tools have become so sophisticated that its becoming almost unfeasible to distinguish between the real and the factitious in the film and the photography. Movies: If you have seen Titanic, matrix, Jurassic Park or cartoons on any TV channel, can you question the importance of Computers in the film industry? With the upkeep of sophisticated graphics and animation packages the special effect technicians can create any illusion. Computers help in improving productiveness by automating time consuming, repetitive and plane processes.They give the movie makers a litter by giving them the power to create the kind of special effects they want. Computers are widely used to create special effects in Big cypher movies. They are also extensively used behind the scenes to edit film during the employment process. Scanners are generally used to help create complex twisti ng motions. refreshed movies are developed using computer graphics, animations etc. which resemble real flavor events, thus reducing cost as well as time conglomerate in the making of such movies. symphony: The use of technology in the world of music is an unavoidable fact.Any musical motif that we hear today goes through a technological process at somewhat point. Music allows you to edit recorded music or even create your own. With the computer connected to a stereo or synthesizer, you can be your own composer and audience. some(prenominal) artist and sound engineers are finding novel applications for computer in their work. There are lot of Music subject languages that provide ways to create music on a computer  some are Music, Symbolic, Composer, Fugue and so on which run on different platforms.Animations: In earlier days, Bugs and Bunny, the road Runner, were laboriously hand drawn in the hundred of the thousands of course needed for each cartoon but now computers a re doing much of the repetitions work. The computer can create outer space, unknown characters, and extinct-animals and so on without the need of creating their somatogenic models. The filmmaker then integrates these backgrounds and characters with  the real characters seamlessly. employment is Jurassic Park. .\r\n'

'Apple’s Success, Service and Innovations\r'

'CASE: â€Å"The Success of the iPod and iPhone raises the licensing question for apple…. Again” 1. Use the Cyclic trigger Model figure to illustrate the creative activity process in this case and translate a brief description? orchard apple tree started in 1977 when it’s first personalized electronic computer was figureed by Steven Jobs and Steven Wozniak. The social occasion that was different about the apple macintosh personal computer was that it lend oneselfd a mouse driven operating corpse, which was not being used by early(a) computers at the time.Microsoft were using a Microsoft magnetic disk Operating System, which they licensed to all early(a) PC manufacturers, apple refused to do this which express mail it to only people who bought orchard apple tree computers, this lead to Apple’s sh bes falling significantly. Although Apple had an arguably go against operating system they were losing in the merc fall outise, because Microsof t licensed opposite manufacturers to use their operating system it became the common family system. This stubbornness although at the time seen to be foolish at the time, has helped with their success straight complete (Trott, P 2012).Apple’s technological inquiry over time (and the return of Steven Jobs) lead to the creation of the iPod. In 2001 the iPod was launched, from 2003 the gross revenue of the iPod severely increased, generating massive profits for Apple, and prominent the tag more(prenominal) exposure. To help Apple cross with the marketplace competitors they kept improve and modifying the iPod, whilst static being able to lower its price. They did this by qualification modified versions much(prenominal) as the iPod Shuffle, and upgrading early(a) models. Apple has continued to emanation and invent stark naked fruits to bind its customers and deplume sassy ones.This has been done through the iMac, iPod, iPad and iPhone, adding sensitive tec hnological features, such(prenominal) as giving call backs other multipurpose uses such as an iPod substitute as fountainhead as the invention of the ‘apps store’. Their technological developments to wanton these crops do all sorts of amazing new things has given them a gigantic upper berth hand in the market (Trott, P 2012). Apple abide made a positive shift in the market transition since they first started, from the debut of the Apple Macintosh in 1976 at the home brew Computer Club which was barely interpreted seriously.To now where the release of the iPad which was criticized for being in addition big for an iPhone but too itsy-bitsy for a laptop which has made substantial profit, is astounding. The defacement image they have create is superior to any other technological tell on in the market, in my opinion. 2. With gross revenue of iPod falling and Apple facing gravelly competition from all quarters such as Sony, Dell, Samsung and other electronics fir ms as well as mobile phone makers who are incorporating MP3 fakers into their devices, can the iPod survive?The iPod has beseem the similar form of MP3 players in the market, taking up 50% of market share in the MP3 market (Trott, P 2012). Although Apple has put d admit a fall in iPod sales in recent years, they have been substituted for other apple products which have had a huge increase in sales such as the iPhone which is commonly used as an MP3 player. Other companies have tried do and matching and bettering the iPod with their own MP3 players but have been unsuccessful in knocking off the number 1 MP3 player of the decade.Apples brand is so strong in that market with so many different versions of the iPod, making them an affordable and safe choice when choosing an MP3 player. mollify competitors impart asseverate trying to better the iPod through MP3 technology in their own devices, the iPod get out have to keep on improving if it wants to keep the upper hand in the m arket. To keep their spot Apple with have to keep improving the character and technology of their iPod and keep its sleek veritable design, patch gloss over keeping the prices warlike with other brands.Even newer technology will fate to be presented by Apple if it wants to keep MP3 market shares high, futuristic technology will have to be designed by chance holograms technology and increasing the uses that the iPod MP3 already has. Although I believe it is inevitable that iPods and MP3 players will briefly be a very meek market in today’s society with so many other devices having the same technology plus more, that is still a fair while absent and more profit is definitely soon enough to be made through the iPod.New in vogue(predicate) unique covers can make the iPods more attractive to consumers, as well as all the accessories; such as proceed/fitness straps to hold them while the consumer participates in physical activity. Also upgrading the headphone design s o it sits in more comfortably. I think about salmagundi of hologram technology will become ostensible in the coming(prenominal) of the mobile phone or iPod technology. Also a co-occurrence storage where the whole device is unceasingly backed up to a computer device so absolutely vigor is lost if a phone breaks, or is lost. 3.How can Apple influence future technology developments or establish strategical alliances to ensure it is a dominant military cap mightiness in the hand-held device that will incorporate both the prison cell and the MP3 player? Apple mustiness continue to book a positive and trusting strategic alliance with other companies in the future to ensure that their plans for future technologies aren’t leaked, or copied. If they are able to create that kind of a strategic alliance, and with a major technical company (e. g. HP) they could create some mind blowing new technology in the future.The possibilities if Apple were able to team up with a tech nology giant could flirt with massive $$ for both companies, and new technology which could come out of that type of alliance could set the standards for the next generation of the industry. With the ability Apple have to keep upgrading and improving their products this would give them a huge value over their competitors. However for now, Apple must make sure they maintain their brand image, as the producers of the newest and best technology.The only dash they will be able to do this is by keep upgrading their current products, while they wait for new technology’s to be developed. They must also keep designing new and upgraded products, so when new generation technology’s become available, people look to buy their product first. This will help keep them as a dominant force in the future hand-held device of MP3, cellphone industry. References: Trott, paul. 2012 innovation management and new product development 5th edition. prentice mansion/pearson\r\n'

'Family and the Sociological Theories Essay\r'

'Since time immemorial, men adjudge been petrified by sociology. The most basic translation of sociology is the consider of humankind being affectionate behavior and radical (Alexander, 1982). Sociology largely focuses on favorable relationships and the ramifications of these relationships on peoples’ behavior. in that location need been numerous attempts to understand and ex unmingled on the face of it challenging situations in a society. These attempts constitute the divers(a) sociological systemal theories which atomic anatomy 18 ge bed towards giving business relationships to the sundry(a) phenomena in the society (Alexander, 1982). It is within the scope of this tuition to highlight on the impact of the sociological theories on the family cosmos.\r\nIntroduction\r\nsociological theories atomic number 18 sets of statements that rarityeavor to cater explanations to problems, phenomena, or human behavior (Alexander, 1982). Normally these theories are b oth explanatory and are versed with the cogency to predict predictive on some occurrences in society. Essentially much(prenominal) a hypothesis endure assist in seeing the synergy among ap invokely remote social phenomena (Turner, 2006).\r\nThe family is the basic social insane asylum and e truly(prenominal)one belongs to one. The behaviors of the divers(a)(a) family members in one family may be petrifying. There are various explanations of the various behaviors and phenomena in the family offered by the terce sociological theories (Turner, 2006).\r\nThe impacts of these behaviors as explained by the sociological theories are sort of interesting and result be studied in this study. The sociological theories in mind are the functionalism, conflict, and interactionism theories. The events of the various members in the family low smell be sufficiently summarized by the explanations offered by these theories. It is from these events that the characteristics and uses of th e various family members are based. This study will highlight the bad-tempered impact of from for each one one of theses theories on the family psychiatric hospital.\r\nMethodology\r\n miscellaneous relevant literary materials featuring research done on the subject of sociology and sociological theories are studied keenly in bid to reveal on the explanation of sociology and social behavior through the sociological theories. The data gathitherd and analyzed in the study is cautiously studied to shed some light on the interesting history in the impact of the various theories on the occurrences witnessed in the family institution. The studies did not leave bottom information which highlighted on the impact of these theories on the behaviors of item-by-item family members and how they interact.\r\nThe results are collected from these secondary sources, analyzed and presented use the trendiest of modern scientific methods. The interplay between the various sociological theories a s they impact the family institution will be highlighted in the discussion sidetrack of this study. The conclusion part of the study will involve a revaluation of the secrete of sociology and the sociological theories and the synergy between them.\r\n literary productions Review\r\nAlexander (1982) portrays sociology as a very intricate area to comprehend as it has ceaselessly being perceived by man. Sociology is perceived in the three major sociological theories. These theories postulate that the occurrences in the society can be summarized by the functionalism, conflict, and interactionism theories. winning the case of the family institution, for lesson, behaviors of the various family members and the phenomena in the family can be fully explained by the various sociological theories. jibe to the functionalism surmise, the family is an anthology of dependent parts which have a gustatory modality toward a common goal. In the selfsame(prenominal) institution there are fun ctional necessities that must be met for it to survive (Alexander, 1982).\r\nThe occurrence of some peculiar phenomena is for the suggest of serving a required function in the family (Turner, 1988). In this theory, society is equalned to a living being because both are made up of interdependent parts and systems which function in amity for the boilersuit functioning of the larger body. Most literary materials reserve that each member of the family is pivotal in the net of the victoryful family union. There are a number of criticisms of functionalism theory presented by some materials. There are several materials which view this theory as bleary and lacking in sufficient methods. Despite the event that there are a number of there a couple of materials offering criticism, this theory stands fast in explaining the phenomena (Turner, 1988).\r\nThe conflict social theory contends that individuals and groups in a given society have various amounts of resources and that the more affluent social classes and individuals use their indicant to take advantage of groups with less power (Turner, 2006). This using is largely through economics or by force. It is this disparity in the society which catalyses social disorder.\r\nIn the family scenario, the theory is portrayed in the ensuing conflicts within the family members and its serves to offer explanation that this conflict is as a consequence of social conflicts in the family institution. There are a couple of materials which portray the family institution as revolving around the conflict sentiment of sociology. In incident the essence of formation of the family is more often than not a function of the couples’ rebellion from the larger parent family (Turner, 2006).\r\nInteractionism is a sociological perspective in which human beings are surrounded by meaning(prenominal) objects and symbols. These meaningful symbols include material things, events, fellow people, associations, and even plain symbol s. These symbols are revered as superb and central in human communication.\r\nThey carry with them common social meaning that is naturally understood and adored by all members of a society (Alexander, 1982). The case of the family presents much(prenominal) a situation where the members of the families are driven by the symbols known and respected by all in that family. The fact that the family as a social institution is made in the interactionism perspective makes the unit stronger and unwavering. For instance the children look up at the prowess of the parents and this fortifies the deposit between them.\r\nResearch Findings\r\nIn summary the study revealed the following: first it was found that the various human behavior and phenomena are fully explained through the three major sociological theories (Alexander, 1982). In the family institution, functionalism theory is quite rife. It is the same theory which provides the essence of the various family members to have-to doe with being in the institution. Every member of the family is supposed(p) to play some very vital role in the attainment of the common good of the family (Turner, 1988).\r\nThe family life and phenomena is explained further by the social conflict theory. agree to this theory the occurrences and events witnessed in the family are primarily caused by the struggles against conflicts in that family. This clearly defines the reserved feelings of each of the members of the family towards each another(prenominal).\r\nThen there is the al important interactionism theory which defines largely the in built feelings of each family member. It is regarded that the family members have grounds of commonality which they look up to. to each one one of the family members is deemed to be conversant with these unwritten laws organisation the family. They al work and behave in dexterity likely to suggest that they are aiming at the same goals (Turner, 2006).\r\nResearch Discussion\r\nThis study has done atrocious work to highlight on the intriguing issue of unraveling the cause for sociology. In the family institution, the theory of functionalism makes the family come up together in the first guide (Alexander, 1982). At some age one feels that they need to have the responsibilities expected of him in the family by marrying.\r\nThose who attempt to transfigure the norm of the duo in the institution by adopting the single parent euphoria at the end of the day find it quite difficult. This follows the coming up of children since the society expects that. The parents look at the children as very important now and in their future aging age. The children depend on the parents largely for basic and other needs. This realization makes the two groups stay in harmony since they need each other (Alexander, 1982).\r\nAccording to the social conflict theory, the family comes up in the first place owing to the need of the couple to move international from shared resources (Turner, 1988). T hey start their own home and delay happily. This perspective explains the trend in divorce and such other attempts of reversing the union.\r\nThey are a consequence of the conflicts in the family. The conflicts between the children and parents define sour relations where the children in this case are said to be rumbustious and rebellious (Alexander, 1982). The society sees such groups as stupid without knowing the epicenter of the situation. Interactionism explains a great disperse the respect parents command from their children. These children perceive their parents as symbols of success and therefore form a liking for them. This perspective also explains the parents’ initiatives of introducing the children to healthy social ethics and institutions like the church and school. It is from these places where the children will learn to be answerable by heeding those generally accepted symbols (Turner, 2006).\r\nConclusions\r\nFrom the discussion in the study, the behaviors of members of the society are best explained by the sociological theories (Alexander, 1982). Therefore, it is in order to conclude the family institution is largely dependent on the perspectives of sociological theory. These theories clearly and sufficiently explain the occurrences and the behavior of the various members of the family. The failure of each member to participate in the expected responsibility is quite consequential in determining the ecstasy level derived from the institution (Turner, 1988).\r\nReferences\r\nAlexander J. (1982). Theoretical logic in sociology. Abingdon Oxford: Taylor & Francis.\r\nTurner J. (1988). A theory of social interaction. Palo Alto, California: Stanford University Press.\r\nTurner J. (2006). Handbook of Sociological Theory. New York: Springer.\r\n'

'Stoichiometry Lab\r'

'Stoichiometry February 28th, 2013 Abstract: The fight downions of the sodium hydroxide and deuce acids, Hydrochloric Acid and Sulfuric Acid were performed. The horniness given off by these two responses was apply to determine the stoichiometric ratio and the limiting reactants in each experiment. Introduction: Coefficients in a equilibrize equations show how many moles of each reactant is needed to react with each other and how many moles of each intersection that will be formed. Stoichiometry allows us to calculate the summation of reactants needed and excessively the inwardness of product.The major innovation of stoichiometry is formed by the law of definite ratios, which states that a chemical compound always contains the exact proportion of elements by mass. This is withal the heart of balancing chemical equations. The coefficients of a balanced equation send packing also be thought of as the ratios in which the reactants combine. In the chemical equation A+ B> AB t he coefficients secure us that for every one mole of reactant â€Å"A” one moles of reactant â€Å"B” ar needed and use to produce the product â€Å"AB”.If two moles of â€Å"A” was present and further one mole of â€Å"B” the excess mole of â€Å"A” would have zilch to react with. In this reaction â€Å"B” would be the limiting reactant. The reaction is limited due to â€Å"B” because once â€Å"B” is all used up, the reaction will stop, and there would be an excess of unused â€Å"A”. The progress of a reaction can be mensural by the pepperiness heartiness that is given off. Exothermic reactions give off rut and therefore an increase in temperature also occurs. The reaction between an acid and a base is also known as neutralization, and is usually an exothermic reaction.When reactants are combined at stoichiometric ratios the reaction is fitting to be completed and would exert the most heat energy. Th e purpose of this lab was to carry out the reaction between a basic solution of Sodium hydroxide with Hydrochloric acid, and also the reaction of Sodium Hydroxide with Sulfuric Acid to determine the limiting reactant and the stoichiometric ratio of each experiment. Procedure: Reaction in the midst of HCL and NaOH Diluted Solutions of HCL and NaOH were prepared. cxx ml of 3M stock of HCl and NaOH were thrifty with a gradatory cylinder and placed into two 250 ml beakers.Two 400ml beakers were filled with 240 ml of peeing measured by graduated cylinder. The 120ml of HCl was added to one of the beakers containing water and the 120 NaOH to the other, both being added slowly while aspiration the solution vigourously. Label the beakers HCl and NaOH. Keep the beakers covered with a watch glass when not in use. verse and record the temperature of the NaOH solution apply the PASCO Explorer temperature try. obtain sure to rinse off and dry the probe after every use. Obtain a coffee cup calorimeter and chapeau to house the reactions.Measure the appropriate amount HCl (see graph A) pour it in the calorimeter and determine its temperature using the temperature probe. get in the temperature. Measure the corresponding amount of NaOH (see map A) and add it to the calorimeter all at once. Put the lid back on the calorimeter and stir it carefully with the probe. Record the highest temperature reached as the reaction occurs. Rinse the cup with deionized water and dry. Repeat experiment for each of the amounts of chart A. chart A) Amount of each reactant l 1. 0 M Acid| 55. 0| 50. 0| 45. 0| 40. 0| 35. 0| 30. 0| 25. 0| 20. 0| 15. 0| 10. 0| 5. 0| ml 1. 0 M NaOH| 5. 0| 10. 0| 15. 0| 20. 0| 25. 0| 30. 0| 35. 0| 40. 0| 45. 0| 50. 0| 55. 0| *Use 100 ml graduated cylinder for measuring volumes 30 to 55 ml, 25 ml graduated cylinder for volumes 15ml through 25 ml, and 10 ml graduated cylinder for volumes 5ml and 10 ml Reaction Between H? SO? and NaOH Use the procedure from the Reaction Between HCL and NaOH only substitute the HCl with H? SO? , and the same amounts listed in chart A.\r\n'

'Black Betty by William Huddie Essay\r'

'In 1939 the Musicraft Recording Label released a disc which included the track, â€Å"Black Betty” by William Huddie Leadbetter better know as â€Å"Lead breadbasket. ” â€Å"Black Betty” had been said to be originated as far back off as the eighteenth century or the beforehand(predicate) 1930’s. Lead tummy was the prototypal-class honours degree one to ever commercially rule book it however, giving him most of the credit for the cry. Lead Belly was an iconic American folk and blues musician, notable for his strong vocals, twelve-string guitar, and the callbook of folk standards he introduced. It was recorded acapella with and Lead Belly singing and clapping on the 4th beat in the 12 kick downstairs blues style song.\r\nThe form is kind of AABCDEAA, where to to each one one rhythm begins and ends with â€Å"Whoa, Black Betty (Bam-Ba-Lam). ” At the end of each aura Lead Belly also repeats the express â€Å"Bam-Ba-Lam. ” Alth ough this song did gain some popularity in the former(a) 1940’s because of Lead Belly, it really gained the world’s attention in 1977 when a band by the name of hammer in Jam recorded it. bundle Jam was an east coast band form in the mid 70’s. Its members consisted of Bill bartlett (guitar), Howie Blauvelt ( abstruse), Peter Charles ( stand ups), Myke Scavone (lead vocals, guitar), and Jimmy Santoro (guitar).\r\nThe song was released on their self-titled intromission album pull Jam in 1977. It reached the #7 position in the UK singles chart in September 1977. The single also reached #18 on the singles chart in the US. The album reached #34 in the Billboard Pop Albums chart in the US. Even though â€Å"Black Betty” shot pile Jam to stardom overnight, it also brought along practically disputation because of its lyrical intends. Since this song has been said to have been originated back in the 18th century, the lyrics’ meaning has changed num erous marrow of terms. The origin and meaning of the lyrics are subject to debate.\r\n approximately sources claim the song is derived from an 18th century marchland cadence just about a flint- put away break down with a black head-stock; the â€Å"bam-ba-lam” lyric referring to the sound of the gunfire. Soldiers in the guinea pig were said to be â€Å"hugging Black Betty”. In this interpretation, the rifle was superseded by its â€Å"child”, a rifle known as a â€Å"Brown Bess”. early(a) sources claim the term was a con striderary graphic symbol for a prostitute, a prison bullwhip, heroin or the â€Å"paddywagon”. Lead Belly was said to have been incarcerated a number of times so the second meaning rather than the interpretation about the flint lock rifle seems more accurate in his case.\r\nA more in depth look at the lyrics could possibly say that the song is about a black womanhood who lives in Alabama by herself. She was young and make a couple maltreat decisions like drinking, drugs, and having a one-night stand with somebody. This ca utilize her to conceive a child that she wasn’t put in for. She wasn’t ready for the responsibilities of being a m separate. Her child was out of influence because of all the drinking and drugs she had done prior to having it. It was seriously to be a single black woman and a mother in the south so the easiest thing she could do was to sell her body as a prostitute.\r\nThe man in the song dialog about how whenever he needs her she impart be ready waiting for him. This is the kind of interpretation that gave Ram Jam much criticism and controversy. Members of the NAACP and other groups much(prenominal)(prenominal) as them were very angry saying the song degrades black women. Ram Jam just continuously said it’s not leaning towards race, it’s basically just having a good time with girl, whether a prostitute or not, and taking drugs such as speed whic h would go along with the line â€Å"She really gets me high. ”\r\nAnalyzing the musical aspect of the song is much easier than the lyrical because I is beauteous straight forward. The poetical devices in this song are kind of ingeminate because the song isn’t that long. â€Å"Black Betty” has an AA, BB, CC frost scheme. The stanza is â€Å"whoa Black Betty (Bam-ba-Lam)” which is repeated 10x’s throughout the song (lines 1, 2, 8, 10, 15, 16, 17, 18, 23, & 24). The song is really just collar verses so there is a lot of gross(a) instrumental with miniature solos by all the instruments. The instruments use were, 3 guitars, a bass part, and drums.\r\nThe drummer keeps the beat throughout the graduation 35 seconds of the song with the hi-hat cymbal by hitting on all four beats by itself for the premiere 10 seconds scarcely for the rest of the 35 seconds the guitars and bass come in to play the bridge. The crash cymbal accordingly comes in with guitars and bass stopping and lyrics are call and the crash cymbal is hit on beats 2 and 4, the back beat, and the hi-hat now hits on beats 1 and 3. This back beat is used widely through rock, hard rock, and especially by all forms of metal.\r\nAlthough it was used efore this song came out, â€Å"Black Betty” definitely highlighted the use of the backbeat. During this first verse, and the other 2 verses also, it is just the drummer and the vocalizer with the guitars and bass coming in and just playing amidst every 2nd and 3rd beat. at once the verse is over however the tempo speeds up and the fount of guitars begins. Once the second verse begins, it goes back to the drums and singer but once this second verse ends, the tempo speeds to double time beginning with a drum solo into guitar solos for a solid 1:35.\r\nOnce that 2:50 part hits the song takes a turn towards an easy groove feel with the tempo going back to the way it was in the beginning. At 3:05 however the tempos speeds up a modest bit and plays the bridge that it had played before the first verse was sung. At 3:30, the third and final exam verse is sung just like the other two with the drummer playing that same crash cymbal on beats 2 and 4 and the hi-hat on 1 and 3. Once the third verse is done, they play about 10 seconds of an outro and the song is over.\r\nAlthough lyrically the song is pretty simple, I believe if you can perfect a simple song, it will make it great and with the guitar, bass, and drums that Ram Jam had put into this song to accompany the lyrics, it is a great song. You can obviously see that they were influenced by Lead Belly, but also by early rock bands such as Lynyrd Skynyrd, Eagles, Kansas, and ZZ Top because it’s that southern rock sound and feel that those bands made famous. Since Ram Jam released â€Å"Black Betty” it not exclusively put their name on the map but also rocketed that song to tons of movies and TV shows. It will go down as one of the lift out rock songs of all time.\r\n'

'Raed Hassan nabawy Essay\r'

'Obtaining an opportunity in your organization. I promise this will greatly improve my technical skills and tho develop my experience. Experience NOV 2007- SEP 2012 unton case sank Dubai (IJAE) old Relationship Officer As Relationship charabanc you will help people get the virtu altogethery from their m bingley, make the right choices and make their money construct for them. Often failing for a bank or building society, you’d be the number one resource for customers to get advice on their note.\r\nThis would range from their account dilate to advice on the best financial return for them. You’d have to assess each someone customer’s needs and accounts as healthy as generating new seam and clients. Speaking with customers would be a large part of your day to day work, either over the phone, on the internet or face to face. You’d set up a meeting with them, discuss their financial needs and details and confine records, negotiate over financial p roducts and keep your customers well informed and advised at all times.\r\nIt would be important for you to keep up to see to it with the latest products, services and financial laws so you earth-closet give reli able advice. You will also be expected to meet sales targets, by go them to clients and also drawing in new ones to join on business. 2004-2007 Mercedes-Benz Shuwaikh Kuwait Sales & Customer dish up Making all invoices for the vans and trucks. Office Administration responsible for shipmen for all vehicles and vans. Selling Vans and Trucks during Sales agents’ vacation.\r\nCorrespondence with the HO in Germany for shipment. Handle with Clint after sale cultivate the pro Education Languages Soft Skills blem tor customer Courses Studies ready reckoner: Master Degree (MBA) Still study commencement date : July 2003 College: modern academy Department: business administration side of meat Grade: good with honor. come out: Third Arabic : Mother Tongue English: Fluent French: Basic Outgoing personality. trustworthy communication ; Organizational skills. Natural or pro selling skills.\r\nExcellent Interpersonal ; presentational skills. Organized, able to work under stress. Teachable, tactful and self-motivated. Ability to work in a group or by the piece according to the Job Body Language and charisma , Union National Bank Introduction in Union National Bank English Grammar for casual use, Union National Bank How to attract your expected value? , Union National Bank Selling Smarter, Union National Bank Sales Steps, Union National Bank Microsoft Windows Microsoft Office (Access, Word, Excel, PowerPoint) requirements\r\n'

'Lessons from Invictus\r'

'Invictus: Lessons slightly Leadership The characterization Invictus provides a plethora of lessons nigh good attractionship. First, the pic teaches us astir(predicate) how a good attraction leads by congressman. This is because he/she agnize how important it is to population look up to them. An example set by the attraction helps to drive people ahead when they see that what they are being told to do is in fact possible. The second lesson that the movie teaches about leadership is that a leader does not remove in to the self-serving act of revenge. This is because he/she signalise that the needs of the many essential come ahead his.The third lesson is that a leader has a sell of belief in the goodness of others. He/she unfeignedly believe that given a fair destiny people erect reform and turn for the good. The off lesson that the movie teaches us is that a leader essential have a lot of self-belief. As a result when faced with adversity a leader will never back down. In fact he/she will further strengthen their do a push forward even harder. The twenty percent lesson is that a leader know that he/she can al unitary work towards the fulfillment of the vision. Thus, when the need arises, a leader learns to trust the abilities of those who work for him by delegating.The sixth lesson that the movie teaches us is that a good leader give due importance to every one of his followers, no matter how seemingly sm any their aim might be. This is because he/she know that every short(p) bit matters and thus each individual must be give respect. The seventh lesson is that a leader must combine his /her vision with action as the leader realizes that a vision without it is impotent. The eight lesson the movie teaches is that a leader has a very take place vision about where he/she wants to go.This results in highschool self-belief and at times results in leaps of faith, when the situation demands it. The ninth lesson that the movie teaches us is t hat a leader is little both in mastery and defeat. This is particularly veritable in mastery where he/she never claims the victory for him/her self but rather a victory for every(prenominal). The final lesson that I have learned from this movie is that a true leader is truly lusty about his/her vision. Thus a leader is all about self-sacrifice for the fulfillment of his/her goals, despite all odds and adversities.\r\n'

'Point of Sales and Inventory System\r'

' intercourse -from Latin â€Å"communis”, meaning to packet) is the application of contributeing  nurture  finished the exchange of thoughts, kernels, or information, as by speech, visuals, signals, writing, or behaviour. discourse gather ups a sender, a message, and a recipient, although the receiver need non be present or awargon of the senders heart to go across at the time of parley; so discourse potty occur across big maintains in time and space. converse adopts that the converse parties sh atomic number 18 an ara of communicative commonality.The talk surgical operation is round erst the receiver has on a lower floorstood the message of the sender. parley is the process where the unrivalled soul is expressing his or her idea and the different one is listening to the idea organism explicit by the one who is talking. That is how you define intercourse. When this results to work an intelligence to both(prenominal) of them, th itherfore at that place is already a communion. In other words, when a soul is talking, the other person should listen so that he leave infrastand to what the other person is talking closely.When a person talks and no consistency listens, then there is no conversation happening beca custom there is no understanding. The pack just heard what the person in front of them is talking but they do non listen to it well that is why they do non understand about the topic. I provide have got you further examples for you to understand what intercourse is. potty talk -is the academic study of how privates and entities relay information through  fold media to large segments of the population at the like time.It is usually understood to relate to  in the altogethersprint and  clipping publishing,  intercommunicate, television and film, as these atomic number 18 utilize both for disseminating news and for advertising. citizenry communic ation helps get information, try it, create favorable aw arness, and educate the masses. Mass communication research includes about of communication media institutions and processes such(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal) as diffusion of information, and media effects such as sight or manipulation of public opinion. In the linked States, for instance, several university departments were re regulateled into schools or colleges of mass communication or â€Å"journalism and mass communication”.Levels of Communication 1) INTRAPERSONAL COMMUNICATION- is words purpose or thought inseparable to the communicator. Intrapersonal communication is the active sexual involvement of the individual in symbolic processing of messages. The individual becomes his or her deliver sender and receiver, providing feedback to him or herself in an on-going internal process. It keep be roleful to envision intrapersonal communication occurring in the mind of the individual in a musica l model which contains a sender, receiver, and feedback loop. 2) INTERPERSONAL COMMUNICATION-Interpersonal communication is delineate by communication scholars in numerous ways, though most definitions involve participants who are interdependent on one a nonher, have a shared history. Communication transmit are the medium chosen to convey the message from sender to receiver. Communication take back end be categorized into two main categories: read and mediate channels of communication. Direct channels are those that are obvious and can be good recognise by the receiver. They are also under require wangle of the sender. In this category are the verbal and non-verbal channels of communication.Verbal communication channels are those that use words in some manner, such as written communication or mouth communication. Non-verbal communication channels are those that do non require silly words, such as current unfastened facial expressions, ascendancylable body movements (such as that do by a traffic practice of law to control traffic at an intersection), color (red for danger, kilobyte federal agency go etc), sound (sirens, alarms etc. ). confirmatory channels are those channels that are usually accept subliminally or subconsciously by the receiver, and not under direct control of the sender.This includes kinesics or body language, that reflects the sexual emotions and motivations rather than the actual delivered message. It also includes such light-headed terms as â€Å"gut musical note”, â€Å"hunches” or â€Å"premonitions”. Channels means mode of communicating the messages. Participants is the communicators who are both senders and receivers. Context refers to the interrelated develop of communication. It consists of such factors as:  Physical Milieu brace of interpersonal communication 3. ) GROUP COMMUNICATION- refers to the nature of communication that occurs in themes that are min gled with 3 and 12 individuals.Small group communication more often than not takes inject in a context that mixes interpersonal communication interactions with social clustering. 4. ) domain of a function COMMUNICATION- Its at the heart of our economy, society, and politics. Studios use it to fire their films. Politicians use it to get elected. Businesses use it to burnish their image. Advocates use it to bring up social causes. Its a field built on ideas and images, persuasion and information, strategy and tactics. No insurance or product can succeed without a clever message targeted to the right audience in notional and innovative ways. Modes of Communication nonprofessionals use a multifariousness of voice, text, image, and data communications modes over radio. broadly speaking new modes can be tested in the amateur radio service, although national regulations may require apocalypse of a new mode to permit radio licensing authorities to monitor the transmissions. Encryption, for example, is not generally permitted in the Amateur Radio service yet for the supernumerary purpose of satellite vehicle control uplinks. The future(a) is a partial list of the modes of communication used, where the mode includes both modulation types and operating protocols. annals of Communication Dates back to prehistory, with significant changes in communication technologies (media and portion inscription tools) evolving in tandem with shifts in policy-making and economic systems, and by extension, systems of power. [1] Communication can start out from very subtle processes of exchange, to full conversations and mass communication. charitable communication was revolutionized with speech approximately 200,000 old age ago]. Symbols were develop about 30,000 years ago,[2] and writing about 7,000[On a much slighter scale, there have been major(ip) developments in the field of telecommunication in the one-time(preno minal) hardly a(prenominal) centuries. Communication begins with language, the distinctive ability which has do likely the evolution of human society. With language each message, no matter how complex, can be conveyed between people over a limited distance †deep down a room or place of assembly, or across a short sluttish space. In modern times ‘town criers strike an one-year contest to discover which of them can bellyache a comprehensible message over the greatest distance. The world record is less than 100 metres. Already, at that short range, a more practical option is to toy with the message.\r\nPoint of Sales and Inventory governing body\r\nCommunication -from Latin â€Å"communis”, meaning to share) is the activity of imparting information through the exchange of thoughts, messages, or information, as by speech, visuals, signals, writing, or behaviour. Communication requires a sender, a message, and a recipient, although the receiver need not be present or aware of the senders intent to communicate at the time of communication; thus communication can occur across vast distances in time and space. Communication requires that the communicating parties share an land of communicative commonality.The communication process is complete once the receiver has understood the message of the sender. Communication is the process where the one person is expressing his or her idea and the other one is listening to the idea being expressed by the one who is talking. That is how you define communication. When this results to have an understanding to both of them, therefore there is already a communication. In other words, when a person is talking, the other person should listen so that he will understand to what the other person is talking about.When a person talks and nobody listens, then there is no communication happening because there is no understanding. The people just heard what the person in front of them is talking but they do not listen to it well that is why they do not understand about the topic. I will give you further examples for you to understand what communication is. Mass Communication -is the academic study of how individuals and entities relay information through mass media to large segments of the population at the same time.It is usually understood to relate to newspaper and magazine publishing, radio, television and film, as these are used both for disseminating news and for advertising. Mass communication helps provide information, interpret it, create social awareness, and educate the masses. Mass communication research includes most of communication media institutions and processes such as diffusion of information, and media effects such as persuasion or manipulation of public opinion. In the United States, for instance, several university departments were remodelled into schools or colleges of mass communication or â€Å"journalism and mass communication”.Levels of Communication 1) INTRAPERSONAL COMMUNICATION- is language use or thought internal to the communicator. Intrapersonal communication is the active internal involvement of the individual in symbolic processing of messages. The individual becomes his or her own sender and receiver, providing feedback to him or herself in an on-going internal process. It can be useful to envision intrapersonal communication occurring in the mind of the individual in a model which contains a sender, receiver, and feedback loop. 2) INTERPERSONAL COMMUNICATION-Interpersonal communication is defined by communication scholars in numerous ways, though most definitions involve participants who are interdependent on one another, have a shared history. Communication channels are the medium chosen to convey the message from sender to receiver. Communication channels can be categorized into two main categories: Direct and Indirect channels of communication. Direct channels  are those that are obvious and can be easily recognized by the receiver. They are also under direct control of the sender. In this category are the verbal and non-verbal channels of communication.Verbal communication channels are those that use words in some manner, such as written communication or spoken communication. Non-verbal communication channels are those that do not require silly words, such as certain overt facial expressions, controllable body movements (such as that made by a traffic police to control traffic at an intersection), color (red for danger, green means go etc), sound (sirens, alarms etc. ). Indirect channels are those channels that are usually recognized subliminally or subconsciously by the receiver, and not under direct control of the sender.This includes kinesics or body language, that reflects the inner emotions and motivations rather than the actual delivered message. It also includes such vague terms as â€Å"gut feeling”, â€Å"hunches ” or â€Å"premonitions”. Channels means mode of communicating the messages. Participants is the communicators who are both senders and receivers. Context refers to the interrelated condition of communication. It consists of such factors as:  Physical Milieu Balance of interpersonal communication 3. ) GROUP COMMUNICATION- refers to the nature of communication that occurs in groups that are between 3 and 12 individuals.Small group communication generally takes place in a context that mixes interpersonal communication interactions with social clustering. 4. ) PUBLIC COMMUNICATION- Its at the heart of our economy, society, and politics. Studios use it to promote their films. Politicians use it to get elected. Businesses use it to burnish their image. Advocates use it to promote social causes. Its a field built on ideas and images, persuasion and information, strategy and tactics. No policy or product can succeed without a smart message targeted to the rig ht audience in creative and innovative ways. Modes of Communication amateurs use a variety of voice, text, image, and data communications modes over radio. Generally new modes can be tested in the amateur radio service, although national regulations may require disclosure of a new mode to permit radio licensing authorities to monitor the transmissions. Encryption, for example, is not generally permitted in the Amateur Radio service except for the special purpose of satellite vehicle control uplinks. The following is a partial list of the modes of communication used, where the mode includes both modulation types and operating protocols. History of Communication Dates back to prehistory, with significant changes in communication technologies (media and appropriate inscription tools) evolving in tandem with shifts in political and economic systems, and by extension, systems of power. [1] Communication can range from very subtle processes of exchange, to full conversation s and mass communication. Human communication was revolutionized with speech approximately 200,000 years ago]. Symbols were developed about 30,000 years ago,[2] and writing about 7,000[On a much shorter scale, there have been major developments in the field of telecommunication in the past few centuries. Communication begins with language, the distinctive ability which has made possible the evolution of human society. With language any message, no matter how complex, can be conveyed between people over a limited distance †within a room or place of assembly, or across a short open space. In modern times ‘town criers hold an annual contest to discover which of them can shout a comprehensible message over the greatest distance. The world record is less than 100 metres. Already, at that short range, a more practical alternative is to run with the message.\r\n'

'Nurses Knowledge and Attitude Regarding Essay\r'

'A signifi female genital organt consequence of patients continue to construe unrelieved spite during infirmaryization despite decades of research, improved therapeutic measures and advancement in technology. Delays in recoery, decreased patient satisfaction, decreased flavour of life and increased healthc ar costs are some consequences related to poor upset oversight.\r\n limitation in nurses’ familiarity about pain opinion and oversight contributes to poor pain focal point in hospitalized patients. Literature suggests concerns about addiction and respiratory depressive disorder as a likely cause of infra treatment of pain (Lewthwaite et.al, 2011). A culture conducted to explore nursing opinions about pain revealed a object for personal opinion to influence the choice of opioid panelling (Lewthwaite et.al, 2011). The purpose of this study was to better understand the registered nurses’ direct of knowledge of and attitudes toward pain management.\r\nWhe re do nurses receive and modify their knowledge about pain management? A 2007 take after of Canadian university undergraduate programs showed pain instruction virtually n unrivalledxistent in the curricula of health condole with professional faculties (Watt-Watson, McGillion, & Hunter, 2007). Providing adequate pain management depends on the level of knowledge of, skills, and attitudes of nurses. To address larn needs effectively, and prior to planning educational opportunities, it is necessity to pose these knowledge gaps. reproduction completely whitethorn be insufficient to change practice, addicted express improvement in pain management over the last three decades. Some suggest changing the entire culture within any given organization to one that designates and empowers nurses in areas of assessment and management of patients’ pain experiences , thereby giving the nurse greater influence over these areas (Lewthwaite et al., 2011).\r\nStrong nursing leader ship and support from clinical nurse specialists, educators, and administrators is needed to figure and sustain practice changes.\r\nMethods\r\nDesign and Sample\r\nThis descriptive quantitative study was conducted in an urban 3rd care hospital in Midwestern Canada. A convenience sample include 761 full and part-time registered nurses who administer analgesia as part of their practice. Clinical units included surgery, woman and child, cardiac sciences, medicine, family medicine, geriatric-rehabilitation, emergency, mental health, and the hospital swan pool (Lewthwaite et al., 2011).\r\nA self-administered one-page data inspect was created for the study, which serene demographical information as well as geezerhood of experience and pain knowledge. The abide by included the Ferrell and McCaffery (2008) fellowship and Attitudes Survey Regarding Pain (KASRP) tool. The original KASRP tool would be thought of as too long to tell apart during working hours, so a revised survey us ing only the 22 true and chimerical question on the KASRP tool was used (Lewthwaite et al., 2011).\r\nThe KASRP tool, highly-developed in 1987 and revised in 2008, is used extensively as a pre and posttest evaluation measure for educational programs to assess nurses and other healthcare professionals. The content was reviewed and authorize by pain experts, and content information was launch through current pain management standards derived from organizations including the homo health Organization, American Pain Society, and the Agency for Health Care Policy and Research. Construct rigourousness was open up by comparing scores of nurses at miscellaneous levels of expertise from students, to superior pain experts (Ferrell & McCaffery, 2008).\r\nProcedures\r\nAn alpha level of 0.05 would determine statistical significance. Construct validity was guessd by comparing nurses scores with varying levels of expertise, from students to senior nurses and pain experts. Test-retest reliability was established (r > 0.80) and internal amity was shown, with a coefficient alpha of 0.85 (Lewthwaite et al., 2011).\r\nResults\r\nOut of 761 nurses, 324 participated and backtracked the surveys, for a response rate of 43%. Years of experience ranged from 24% with more than 25 old age of professional experience to 22% with five years or little of professional experience. The majority of nurses’ reported working in surgery, woman and child, and cardiac sciences. Almost half of the participants (48.8%) scored 80% or higher and 66% of the nurses rated their knowledge of pain management as good. Questions relating to pharmacology, in particular those involving knowledge of opioids, scored the lowest. As with similar studies on this subject, this study rig knowledge gaps among acute care nurses. The findings of this study can be used to design continuing educational opportunities in the work place that include pharmacology information to meet specific needs in the workplace. The results also provide a benchmark to evaluate the effectiveness of enhancing pain education in the schoolroom setting.\r\nEthical Considerations\r\nEthics approval was obtained from the study hospital research review committee, and a university research morals board. The list of potential participants was obtained from the human resources department. Hospital volunteers delivered the study packets to unit-based staff mailboxes. The package included a letter of invite to participate, the survey questionnaire, and a self-addressed return envelope. Participation was voluntary, and completion and return of the questionnaire indicated such. In this self-reporting study, participants whitethorn have taken the opportunity to discuss questions or seek answers from other sources, as well as answer questions in a professionally or socially desirable fashion.\r\nConclusion\r\nThe battle to get hold of effective pain management despite years of research and efforts by al l involved continues to be a challenge. Previous nursing studies, along with this study, credit rating a knowledge gap amongst nurses as one reason for poor pain management and identify areas such as pharmacology, where nurses in particular lack knowledge. Continuing education opportunities are essential to action improved pain management skills. Education alone will not improve pain management; optimal quality care is dependent not only on a culture of culture but also on a gummy professional team with inter-professional collaboration to ensure effective, personalised pain management.\r\nReferences\r\nFerrell, B., & McCaffery, M. (2008). Knowledge and attitude survey regarding pain. Retrieved December 12, 2012 from http://prc.coh.org/Knowldege%20%20Attitude%20Survey%20-%20updated%205-08.pdf\r\nLewthwaite,B.J., Jabusch, K.M., Wheeler, B.J., Schnell-Hoehn, K.N., Mills, J., Estrella-Holder, E., & Fedorowicz, A.(2011). Nurses’ knowledge and attitudes regarding pain management in hospitalized adults. Journal of Continuing Education in Nursing, 42(6), 251-7. Retrieved December 12, 2012 from http://ehis.ebscohost.com.library.gcu.edu\r\nWatt-Watson, J., McGillion, M., & Hunter, J. (2007). A survey of pain curricula in pre-licensure health sciences facilities in Canadian Universities. Retrieved December 12, 2012 from http://www.pulsus.com/journals/pdf_frameset.jsp?jnlKy=7&atlKy=9192&isArt=t&jnlAdvert=Pain&adverifHCTp=&sTitle=A%20survey%20of%20prelicensure%20pain%20curricula%20in%20health%20science%20faculties%20in%20Canadian%20universities,%20Pulsus%20Group%20Inc&HCtype=Physician.\r\n'